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12 the third row beryl, jasper, and ruby; 13 and the fourth row topaz, onyx, and turquoise.[a] The stones were mounted in gold settings. 14 There were twelve stones, corresponding to the names of the sons of Israel. Each one was like an engraved seal with the name of one of the twelve tribes.

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Footnotes

  1. Exodus 39:13 The specific identification of these gems is uncertain, and translations vary widely. The translation uses names of recognizable modern gemstones, even if they might not have the same mineral makeup as the ancient stones. The Jewish commentator Ibn Ezra writes, “We have no way to identify what they are, having no tradition to rely on.”